ABSTRACT
Antimicrobial resistance data for Neisseria gonorrhoeae is globally sparse and resistant strains are emerging in Catalonia. We aim to describe epidemiological and antimicrobial resistance in all patients infected with N. gonorrhoeae during the period from 2016 to 2019, using available antimicrobial susceptibility data. We retrospectively analysed confirmed N. gonorrhoeae cases notified to Catalonia's microbiological reporting system. Antibiotic susceptibility testing (azithromycin, cefixime, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, penicillin, spectinomycin, and tetracycline) was assessed using clinical breakpoints published by the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. Incidence rates were calculated and proportions were compared using the χ2 test or Fisher's exact test, and analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS 18.0). A total of 14,251 confirmed cases of N. gonorrhoeae were notified. Incidence increased from 30.7 cases/100,000 person-years (p < 0.001) in 2016 to 64.7 in 2019. Culture was available in 6,292 isolates (44.2%), of which 5,377 (85.5%) were resistant to at least one of the antibiotics tested. Azithromycin resistance rose from 6.1% in 2016 to 16% in 2019 (p < 0.001). Only 1.0% (45 cases) were resistant to ceftriaxone. Multidrug-resistant N. gonorrhoeae increased from 0.25% in 2016 to 0.42% in 2019 (p = 0.521). One case presented extensively drug-resistant N. gonorrhoeae. In Catalonia, 10% of the N. gonorrhoeae isolates were resistant to azithromycin in the 2016-2019 period. According to World Health Organization guidelines, resistance above 5% indicates an alert to review treatment guidelines. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing in clinical practice followed by surveillance and interventions are essential to monitor trends and prevent the spread of antimicrobial resistance.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents , Gonorrhea , Humans , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Azithromycin/pharmacology , Ceftriaxone/pharmacology , Ciprofloxacin/pharmacology , Drug Resistance, Bacterial , Gonorrhea/drug therapy , Gonorrhea/epidemiology , Gonorrhea/microbiology , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Neisseria gonorrhoeae , Retrospective Studies , Spain/epidemiologyABSTRACT
El objetivo del estudio es realizar una estimación de la prevalencia de los niños y niñas con trastornos del espectro autista (TEA) atendidos en ocho Centros de Desarrollo Infantil y de Atención Precoz (CDIAP) en Cataluña y cuantificar los menores de 31 meses que incluimos en el grupo de riesgo de TEA, así como crear una herramienta (APTEA.cat) útil para la recogida de datos de los centros comprendidos en el estudio. La prevalencia obtenida se acerca a los 1:160 según la OMS (2018b). Identificar a la población de riesgo por presencia de signos de alerta pone de manifiesto la necesidad de incrementar los programas de sensibilización y formación de los profesionales que atienden al niño o niña para potenciar la detección lo más pronto posible
The study aims at estimating the prevalence of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) in eight of the Catalan Child Development and Early Care Centres (CDIAP) and to quantify the children under 31 months included in the ASD risk group, as well as to create a tool (APTEA.cat) to collect data from the centres that took part in the study. The prevalence obtained is close to 1:160 according to the WHO (2018). Identifying the population at risk due to the warning signs highlights the need to increase the number of awareness and training programmes for professionals who assist children; so that early detection is enhanced
L'objectiu de l'estudi és realitzar una estimació de la prevalença dels nens I nenes amb trastorns de l'espectre autista (TEA) atesos a vuit centres de desenvolupament infantil I d'atenció precoç (CDIAP) a Catalunya I quantificar els menors de 31 mesos que vam incloure en el grup de risc de TEA, així com crear una eina (APTEA.cat) útil per a la recollida de dades dels centres compresos a l'estudi. La prevalença obtinguda s'apropa als 1:160 segons l'OMS (2018). Identificar la població de risc per la presència de signes d'alerta posa de manifest la necessitat d'incrementar els programes de sensibilització I formació dels professionals que atenen el nen o nena per potenciar la detecció el més aviat posible
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Child, Preschool , Autism Spectrum Disorder/epidemiology , Developmental Disabilities/epidemiology , Prevalence , Early Diagnosis , Autism Spectrum Disorder/diagnosis , Developmental Disabilities/diagnosis , Age Factors , Risk Factors , Sex Distribution , Spain/epidemiologyABSTRACT
En este artículo se reflexiona sobre los grupos terapéuticos en Atención Precoz. Se expone una experiencia grupal llevada a cabo en el CDIAP Equip40 con un grupo de niños pequeños conducido por una psicóloga y una fisioterapeuta. A través de viñetas clínicas, se describe el proceso terapéutico desde una mirada interdisciplinar y se muestran diferentes tipos de intervenciones
This article reflects on therapeutic groups in Early Years. It deals with a group experience carried out at the CDIAP Equip40 with a group of young children conducted by a psychologist and a physiotherapist. Through clinical vignettes, the therapeutic process is described from an interdisciplinary perspective and different types of interventions are shown
